Federalist Papers
Sorted By Number    |    Sort By Title     |     Search
NO. 1    General Inroduction
NO. 2    Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence
NO. 3    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence
NO. 4    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence
NO. 5    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence.
NO. 6    Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States
NO. 7    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States.
NO. 8    The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States
NO. 9    The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection.
NO. 10    The Same Subject Continued: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection.
NO. 11    The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy
NO. 12    The Utility of the Union In Respect to Revenue.
NO. 13    Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government.
NO. 14    Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered.
NO. 15    The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union.
NO. 16    The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union
NO. 17    The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union
NO. 18    The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union
NO. 19    The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union
NO. 20    The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union.
NO. 21    Other Defects of the Present Confederation
NO. 22    The Same Subject Continued: Other Defects of the Present Confederation
NO. 23    The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union
NO. 24    The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered
NO. 25    The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered
NO. 26    The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered
NO. 27    The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered
NO. 28    The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered
NO. 29    THE power of regulating the militia, and of commanding its services in times of insurrection and invasion are natural incidents to the duties of superintending the common defense, and of watching over the internal peace of the Confederacy
NO. 30    Concerning the General Power of Taxation
NO. 31    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
NO. 32    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
NO. 33    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
NO. 34    The Same Subject Continued Concerning the General Power of Taxation
NO. 35    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
NO. 36    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
NO. 37    Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper Form of Government
NO. 38    The Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of the Objections to the New Plan Exposed
NO. 39    The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles
NO. 40    The Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained
NO. 41    General View of the Powers Conferred by the Constitution
NO. 42    The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered
NO. 43    The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered
NO. 44    Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States
NO. 45    The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered
NO. 46    The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared
NO. 47    The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts
NO. 48    These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Other
NO. 49    Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the People Through a Convention
Close
End of Federalist Paper No. 49
FEDERALIST NO. 49
Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the People Through a Convention
James Madison     Tuesday From the New York Packet
Author: The New York Packet
To the People of New York


DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=49- ParaX=1- XthisXParaX=1-
DeB 131 -1-THE author of the "Notes on the State of Virginia," quoted in the last paper, has subjoined to that valuable work the draught of a constitution, which had been prepared in order to be laid before a convention, expected to be called in 1783, by the legislature, for the establishment of a constitution for that commonwealth. DeB 131 -2-The plan, like every thing from the same pen, marks a turn of thinking, original, comprehensive, and accurate; and is the more worthy of attention as it equally displays a fervent attachment to republican government and an enlightened view of the dangerous propensities against which it ought to be guarded. DeB 131 -3-One of the precautions which he proposes, and on which he appears ultimately to rely as a palladium to the weaker departments of power against the invasions of the stronger, is perhaps altogether his own, and as it immediately relates to the subject of our present inquiry, ought not to be overlooked.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=49- ParaX=2- XthisXParaX=2-
DeB 131 -1-His proposition is, "that whenever any two of the three branches of government shall concur in opinion, each by the voices of two thirds of their whole number, that a convention is necessary for altering the constitution, or CORRECTING BREACHES OF IT, a convention shall be called for the purpose."

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=49- ParaX=3- XthisXParaX=3-
DeB 131 -1-As the people are the only legitimate fountain of power, and it is from them that the constitutional charter, under which the several branches of government hold their power, is derived, it seems strictly consonant to the republican theory, to recur to the same original authority, not only whenever it may be necessary to enlarge, diminish, or new-model the powers of the government, but also whenever any one of the departments may commit encroachments on the chartered authorities of the others. DeB 131 -2-The several departments being perfectly co-ordinate by the terms of their common commission, none of them, it is evident, can pretend to an exclusive or superior right of settling the boundaries between their respective powers; and how are the encroachments of the stronger to be prevented, or the wrongs of the weaker to be redressed, without an appeal to the people themselves, who, as the grantors of the commissions, can alone declare its true meaning, and enforce its observance?

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=49- ParaX=4- XthisXParaX=4-
DeB 131 -1-There is certainly great force in this reasoning, and it must be allowed to prove that a constitutional road to the decision of the people ought to be marked out and kept open, for certain great and extraordinary occasions. DeB 131 -2-But there appear to be insuperable objections against the proposed recurrence to the people, as a provision in all cases for keeping the several departments of power within their constitutional limits.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=49- ParaX=5- XthisXParaX=5-
DeB 131 -1-In the first place, the provision does not reach the case of a combination of two of the departments against the third. DeB 131 -2-If the legislative authority, which possesses so many means of operating on the motives of the other departments, should be able to gain to its interest either of the others, or even one third of its members, the remaining department could derive no advantage from its remedial provision. DeB 131 -3-I do not dwell, however, on this objection, because it may be thought to be rather against the modification of the principle, than against the principle itself.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=49- ParaX=6- XthisXParaX=6-
DeB 131 -1-In the next place, it may be considered as an objection inherent in the principle, that as every appeal to the people would carry an implication of some defect in the government, frequent appeals would, in a great measure, deprive the government of that veneration which time bestows on every thing, and without which perhaps the wisest and freest governments would not possess the requisite stability. DeB 131 -2-If it be true that all governments rest on opinion, it is no less true that the strength of opinion in each individual, and its practical influence on his conduct, depend much on the number which he supposes to have entertained the same opinion. DeB 131 -3-The reason of man, like man himself, is timid and cautious when left alone, and acquires firmness and confidence in proportion to the number with which it is associated. DeB 131 -4-When the examples which fortify opinion are ANCIENT as well as NUMEROUS, they are known to have a double effect. DeB 131 -5-In a nation of philosophers, this consideration ought to be disregarded. DeB 131 -6-A reverence for the laws would be sufficiently inculcated by the voice of an enlightened reason. DeB 131 -7-But a nation of philosophers is as little to be expected as the philosophical race of kings wished for by Plato. DeB 131 -8-And in every other nation, the most rational government will not find it a superfluous advantage to have the prejudices of the community on its side.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=49- ParaX=7- XthisXParaX=7-
DeB 131 -1-The danger of disturbing the public tranquillity by interesting too strongly the public passions, is a still more serious objection against a frequent reference of constitutional questions to the decision of the whole society. DeB 131 -2-Notwithstanding the success which has attended the revisions of our established forms of government, and which does so much honor to the virtue and intelligence of the people of America, it must be confessed that the experiments are of too ticklish a nature to be unnecessarily multiplied. DeB 131 -3-We are to recollect that all the existing constitutions were formed in the midst of a danger which repressed the passions most unfriendly to order and concord; of an enthusiastic confidence of the people in their patriotic leaders, which stifled the ordinary diversity of opinions on great national questions; of a universal ardor for new and opposite forms, produced by a universal resentment and indignation against the ancient government; and whilst no spirit of party connected with the changes to be made, or the abuses to be reformed, could mingle its leaven in the operation. DeB 131 -4-The future situations in which we must expect to be usually placed, do not present any equivalent security against the danger which is apprehended.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=49- ParaX=8- XthisXParaX=8-
DeB 131 -1-But the greatest objection of all is, that the decisions which would probably result from such appeals would not answer the purpose of maintaining the constitutional equilibrium of the government. DeB 131 -2-We have seen that the tendency of republican governments is to an aggrandizement of the legislative at the expense of the other departments. DeB 131 -3-The appeals to the people, therefore, would usually be made by the executive and judiciary departments. DeB 131 -4-But whether made by one side or the other, would each side enjoy equal advantages on the trial? DeB 131 -5-Let us view their different situations. DeB 131 -6-The members of the executive and judiciary departments are few in number, and can be personally known to a small part only of the people. DeB 131 -7-The latter, by the mode of their appointment, as well as by the nature and permanency of it, are too far removed from the people to share much in their prepossessions. DeB 131 -8-The former are generally the objects of jealousy, and their administration is always liable to be discolored and rendered unpopular. DeB 131 -9-The members of the legislative department, on the other hand, are numberous. DeB 131 -10-They are distributed and dwell among the people at large. DeB 131 -11-Their connections of blood, of friendship, and of acquaintance embrace a great proportion of the most influential part of the society. DeB 131 -12-The nature of their public trust implies a personal influence among the people, and that they are more immediately the confidential guardians of the rights and liberties of the people. DeB 131 -13-With these advantages, it can hardly be supposed that the adverse party would have an equal chance for a favorable issue.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=49- ParaX=9- XthisXParaX=9-
DeB 131 -1-But the legislative party would not only be able to plead their cause most successfully with the people. DeB 131 -2-They would probably be constituted themselves the judges. DeB 131 -3-The same influence which had gained them an election into the legislature, would gain them a seat in the convention. DeB 131 -4-If this should not be the case with all, it would probably be the case with many, and pretty certainly with those leading characters, on whom every thing depends in such bodies. DeB 131 -5-The convention, in short, would be composed chiefly of men who had been, who actually were, or who expected to be, members of the department whose conduct was arraigned. DeB 131 -6-They would consequently be parties to the very question to be decided by them.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=49- ParaX=10- XthisXParaX=10-
DeB 131 -1-It might, however, sometimes happen, that appeals would be made under circumstances less adverse to the executive and judiciary departments. DeB 131 -2-The usurpations of the legislature might be so flagrant and so sudden, as to admit of no specious coloring. DeB 131 -3-A strong party among themselves might take side with the other branches. DeB 131 -4-The executive power might be in the hands of a peculiar favorite of the people. DeB 131 -5-In such a posture of things, the public decision might be less swayed by prepossessions in favor of the legislative party. DeB 131 -6-But still it could never be expected to turn on the true merits of the question. DeB 131 -7-It would inevitably be connected with the spirit of pre-existing parties, or of parties springing out of the question itself. DeB 131 -8-It would be connected with persons of distinguished character and extensive influence in the community. DeB 131 -9-It would be pronounced by the very men who had been agents in, or opponents of, the measures to which the decision would relate. DeB 131 -10-The PASSIONS, therefore, not the REASON, of the public would sit in judgment. DeB 131 -11-But it is the reason, alone, of the public, that ought to control and regulate the government. DeB 131 -12-The passions ought to be controlled and regulated by the government.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=49- ParaX=11- XthisXParaX=11-
DeB 131 -1-We found in the last paper, that mere declarations in the written constitution are not sufficient to restrain the several departments within their legal rights. DeB 131 -2-It appears in this, that occasional appeals to the people would be neither a proper nor an effectual provision for that purpose. DeB 131 -3-How far the provisions of a different nature contained in the plan above quoted might be adequate, I do not examine. DeB 131 -4-Some of them are unquestionably founded on sound political principles, and all of them are framed with singular ingenuity and precision.

Beginning of Federalist Paper No. 49

Close

NO. 50    Periodic Appeals to the People Considered
NO. 51    The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments
NO. 52    The House of Representatives
NO. 53    The Same Subject Continued: The House of Representatives
NO. 54    The Apportionment of Members Among the States
NO. 55    The Total Number of the House of Representatives
NO. 56    The Total Number of the House of Representatives
NO. 57    The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many Considered in Connection with Representation
NO. 58    Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands Considered
NO. 59    Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members
NO. 60    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members
NO. 61    The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members)
NO. 62    The Senate
NO. 63    The Senate Continued
NO. 64    The Powers of the Senate
NO. 65    The Powers of the Senate Continued
NO. 66    Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered
NO. 67    The Executive Department
NO. 68    The Mode of Electing the President
NO. 69    The Real Character of the Executive
NO. 70    The Executive Department Further Considered
NO. 71    The Duration in Office of the Executive.
NO. 72    The Same Subject Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered
NO. 73    The Provision For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power
NO. 74    The Command of the Military and Naval Forces, and the Pardoning Power of the Executive
NO. 75    The Treaty Making Power of the Executive
NO. 76    The Appointing Power of the Executive
NO. 77    The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered
NO. 78    The Judiciary Department
NO. 79    The Judiciary Department Continued
NO. 80    The Powers of the Judiciary
NO. 81    The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority
NO. 82    The Judiciary Continued
NO. 83    The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury
NO. 84    Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered.
NO. 85    Concluding Remarks
NO. 449   
X