Federalist Papers
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NO. 1    General Inroduction
NO. 2    Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence
NO. 3    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence
NO. 4    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence
NO. 5    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Foreign Force and Influence.
NO. 6    Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States
NO. 7    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning Dangers from Dissensions Between the States.
NO. 8    The Consequences of Hostilities Between the States
NO. 9    The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection.
NO. 10    The Same Subject Continued: The Union as a Safeguard Against Domestic Faction and Insurrection.
NO. 11    The Utility of the Union in Respect to Commercial Relations and a Navy
NO. 12    The Utility of the Union In Respect to Revenue.
NO. 13    Advantage of the Union in Respect to Economy in Government.
NO. 14    Objections to the Proposed Constitution From Extent of Territory Answered.
NO. 15    The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union.
NO. 16    The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union
NO. 17    The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union
NO. 18    The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union
NO. 19    The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union
NO. 20    The Same Subject Continued: The Insufficiency of the Present Confederation to Preserve the Union.
NO. 21    Other Defects of the Present Confederation
NO. 22    The Same Subject Continued: Other Defects of the Present Confederation
NO. 23    The Necessity of a Government as Energetic as the One Proposed to the Preservation of the Union
NO. 24    The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered
NO. 25    The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Necessary to the Common Defense Further Considered
NO. 26    The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered
NO. 27    The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered
NO. 28    The Same Subject Continued: The Idea of Restraining the Legislative Authority in Regard to the Common Defense Considered
NO. 29    THE power of regulating the militia, and of commanding its services in times of insurrection and invasion are natural incidents to the duties of superintending the common defense, and of watching over the internal peace of the Confederacy
NO. 30    Concerning the General Power of Taxation
NO. 31    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
NO. 32    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
NO. 33    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
NO. 34    The Same Subject Continued Concerning the General Power of Taxation
NO. 35    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
NO. 36    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the General Power of Taxation
NO. 37    Concerning the Difficulties of the Convention in Devising a Proper Form of Government
NO. 38    The Same Subject Continued, and the Incoherence of the Objections to the New Plan Exposed
NO. 39    The Conformity of the Plan to Republican Principles
NO. 40    The Powers of the Convention to Form a Mixed Government Examined and Sustained
NO. 41    General View of the Powers Conferred by the Constitution
NO. 42    The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered
NO. 43    The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered
Close
End of Federalist Paper No. 43
FEDERALIST NO. 43
The Same Subject Continued: The Powers Conferred by the Constitution Further Considered
For the Independent Journal     Wednesday January 23, 1788
Author: James Madison
To the People of New York


DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=1- XthisXParaX=1-
DeB 131 -1-THE FOURTH class comprises the following miscellaneous powers:

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=2- XthisXParaX=2-
DeB 131 -1-1. A power "to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for a limited time, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries."

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=3- XthisXParaX=3-
DeB 131 -1-The utility of this power will scarcely be questioned. DeB 131 -2-The copyright of authors has been solemnly adjudged, in Great Britain, to be a right of common law. DeB 131 -3-The right to useful inventions seems with equal reason to belong to the inventors.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=4- XthisXParaX=4-
DeB 131 -1-The public good fully coincides in both cases with the claims of individuals. DeB 131 -2-The States cannot separately make effectual provisions for either of the cases, and most of them have anticipated the decision of this point, by laws passed at the instance of Congress.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=5- XthisXParaX=5-
DeB 131 -1-2. "To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States; and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislatures of the States in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings."

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=6- XthisXParaX=6-
DeB 131 -1-The indispensable necessity of complete authority at the seat of government, carries its own evidence with it. DeB 131 -2-It is a power exercised by every legislature of the Union, I might say of the world, by virtue of its general supremacy. DeB 131 -3-Without it, not only the public authority might be insulted and its proceedings interrupted with impunity; but a dependence of the members of the general government on the State comprehending the seat of the government, for protection in the exercise of their duty, might bring on the national councils an imputation of awe or influence, equally dishonorable to the government and dissatisfactory to the other members of the Confederacy. DeB 131 -4-This consideration has the more weight, as the gradual accumulation of public improvements at the stationary residence of the government would be both too great a public pledge to be left in the hands of a single State, and would create so many obstacles to a removal of the government, as still further to abridge its necessary independence. DeB 131 -5-The extent of this federal district is sufficiently circumscribed to satisfy every jealousy of an opposite nature. DeB 131 -6-And as it is to be appropriated to this use with the consent of the State ceding it; as the State will no doubt provide in the compact for the rights and the consent of the citizens inhabiting it; as the inhabitants will find sufficient inducements of interest to become willing parties to the cession; as they will have had their voice in the election of the government which is to exercise authority over them; as a municipal legislature for local purposes, derived from their own suffrages, will of course be allowed them; and as the authority of the legislature of the State, and of the inhabitants of the ceded part of it, to concur in the cession, will be derived from the whole people of the State in their adoption of the Constitution, every imaginable objection seems to be obviated.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=7- XthisXParaX=7-
DeB 131 -1-The necessity of a like authority over forts, magazines, etc., established by the general government, is not less evident. DeB 131 -2-The public money expended on such places, and the public property deposited in them, requires that they should be exempt from the authority of the particular State. DeB 131 -3-Nor would it be proper for the places on which the security of the entire Union may depend, to be in any degree dependent on a particular member of it. DeB 131 -4-All objections and scruples are here also obviated, by requiring the concurrence of the States concerned, in every such establishment.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=8- XthisXParaX=8-
DeB 131 -1-3. "To declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attained." DeB 131 -2-As treason may be committed against the United States, the authority of the United States ought to be enabled to punish it. DeB 131 -3-But as new-fangled and artificial treasons have been the great engines by which violent factions, the natural offspring of free government, have usually wreaked their alternate malignity on each other, the convention have, with great judgment, opposed a barrier to this peculiar danger, by inserting a constitutional definition of the crime, fixing the proof necessary for conviction of it, and restraining the Congress, even in punishing it, from extending the consequences of guilt beyond the person of its author.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=9- XthisXParaX=9-
DeB 131 -1-4. "To admit new States into the Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress." DeB 131 -2-In the articles of Confederation, no provision is found on this important subject. DeB 131 -3-Canada was to be admitted of right, on her joining in the measures of the United States; and the other COLONIES, by which were evidently meant the other British colonies, at the discretion of nine States. DeB 131 -4-The eventual establishment of NEW STATES seems to have been overlooked by the compilers of that instrument. DeB 131 -5-We have seen the inconvenience of this omission, and the assumption of power into which Congress have been led by it. DeB 131 -6-With great propriety, therefore, has the new system supplied the defect. DeB 131 -7-The general precaution, that no new States shall be formed, without the concurrence of the federal authority, and that of the States concerned, is consonant to the principles which ought to govern such transactions. DeB 131 -8-The particular precaution against the erection of new States, by the partition of a State without its consent, quiets the jealousy of the larger States; as that of the smaller is quieted by a like precaution, against a junction of States without their consent.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=10- XthisXParaX=10-
DeB 131 -1-5. "To dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States, with a proviso, that nothing in the Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any particular State." DeB 131 -2-This is a power of very great importance, and required by considerations similar to those which show the propriety of the former. DeB 131 -3-The proviso annexed is proper in itself, and was probably rendered absolutely necessary by jealousies and questions concerning the Western territory sufficiently known to the public.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=11- XthisXParaX=11-
DeB 131 -1-6. "To guarantee to every State in the Union a republican form of government; to protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence."

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=12- XthisXParaX=12-
DeB 131 -1-In a confederacy founded on republican principles, and composed of republican members, the superintending government ought clearly to possess authority to defend the system against aristocratic or monarchial innovations. DeB 131 -2-The more intimate the nature of such a union may be, the greater interest have the members in the political institutions of each other; and the greater right to insist that the forms of government under which the compact was entered into should be SUBSTANTIALLY maintained. DeB 131 -3-But a right implies a remedy; and where else could the remedy be deposited, than where it is deposited by the Constitution? DeB 131 -4-Governments of dissimilar principles and forms have been found less adapted to a federal coalition of any sort, than those of a kindred nature. DeB 131 -5-"As the confederate republic of Germany," says Montesquieu, "consists of free cities and petty states, subject to different princes, experience shows us that it is more imperfect than that of Holland and Switzerland." DeB 131 -6-"Greece was undone," he adds, "as soon as the king of Macedon obtained a seat among the Amphictyons." DeB 131 -7-In the latter case, no doubt, the disproportionate force, as well as the monarchical form, of the new confederate, had its share of influence on the events. DeB 131 -8-It may possibly be asked, what need there could be of such a precaution, and whether it may not become a pretext for alterations in the State governments, without the concurrence of the States themselves. DeB 131 -9-These questions admit of ready answers. DeB 131 -10-If the interposition of the general government should not be needed, the provision for such an event will be a harmless superfluity only in the Constitution. DeB 131 -11-But who can say what experiments may be produced by the caprice of particular States, by the ambition of enterprising leaders, or by the intrigues and influence of foreign powers? DeB 131 -12-To the second question it may be answered, that if the general government should interpose by virtue of this constitutional authority, it will be, of course, bound to pursue the authority. DeB 131 -13-But the authority extends no further than to a GUARANTY of a republican form of government, which supposes a pre-existing government of the form which is to be guaranteed. DeB 131 -14-As long, therefore, as the existing republican forms are continued by the States, they are guaranteed by the federal Constitution. DeB 131 -15-Whenever the States may choose to substitute other republican forms, they have a right to do so, and to claim the federal guaranty for the latter. DeB 131 -16-The only restriction imposed on them is, that they shall not exchange republican for antirepublican Constitutions; a restriction which, it is presumed, will hardly be considered as a grievance.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=13- XthisXParaX=13-
DeB 131 -1-A protection against invasion is due from every society to the parts composing it. DeB 131 -2-The latitude of the expression here used seems to secure each State, not only against foreign hostility, but against ambitious or vindictive enterprises of its more powerful neighbors. DeB 131 -3-The history, both of ancient and modern confederacies, proves that the weaker members of the union ought not to be insensible to the policy of this article.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=14- XthisXParaX=14-
DeB 131 -1-Protection against domestic violence is added with equal propriety. DeB 131 -2-It has been remarked, that even among the Swiss cantons, which, properly speaking, are not under one government, provision is made for this object; and the history of that league informs us that mutual aid is frequently claimed and afforded; and as well by the most democratic, as the other cantons. DeB 131 -3-A recent and well-known event among ourselves has warned us to be prepared for emergencies of a like nature.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=15- XthisXParaX=15-
DeB 131 -1-At first view, it might seem not to square with the republican theory, to suppose, either that a majority have not the right, or that a minority will have the force, to subvert a government; and consequently, that the federal interposition can never be required, but when it would be improper. DeB 131 -2-But theoretic reasoning, in this as in most other cases, must be qualified by the lessons of practice. DeB 131 -3-Why may not illicit combinations, for purposes of violence, be formed as well by a majority of a State, especially a small State as by a majority of a county, or a district of the same State; and if the authority of the State ought, in the latter case, to protect the local magistracy, ought not the federal authority, in the former, to support the State authority? DeB 131 -4-Besides, there are certain parts of the State constitutions which are so interwoven with the federal Constitution, that a violent blow cannot be given to the one without communicating the wound to the other. DeB 131 -5-Insurrections in a State will rarely induce a federal interposition, unless the number concerned in them bear some proportion to the friends of government. DeB 131 -6-It will be much better that the violence in such cases should be repressed by the superintending power, than that the majority should be left to maintain their cause by a bloody and obstinate contest. DeB 131 -7-The existence of a right to interpose, will generally prevent the necessity of exerting it.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=16- XthisXParaX=16-
DeB 131 -1-Is it true that force and right are necessarily on the same side in republican governments? DeB 131 -2-May not the minor party possess such a superiority of pecuniary resources, of military talents and experience, or of secret succors from foreign powers, as will render it superior also in an appeal to the sword? DeB 131 -3-May not a more compact and advantageous position turn the scale on the same side, against a superior number so situated as to be less capable of a prompt and collected exertion of its strength? DeB 131 -4-Nothing can be more chimerical than to imagine that in a trial of actual force, victory may be calculated by the rules which prevail in a census of the inhabitants, or which determine the event of an election!. DeB 131 -5-May it not happen, in fine, that the minority of CITIZENS may become a majority of PERSONS, by the accession of alien residents, of a casual concourse of adventurers, or of those whom the constitution of the State has not admitted to the rights of suffrage? DeB 131 -6-I take no notice of an unhappy species of population abounding in some of the States, who, during the calm of regular government, are sunk below the level of men; but who, in the tempestuous scenes of civil violence, may emerge into the human character, and give a superiority of strength to any party with which they may associate themselves.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=17- XthisXParaX=17-
DeB 131 -1-In cases where it may be doubtful on which side justice lies, what better umpires could be desired by two violent factions, flying to arms, and tearing a State to pieces, than the representatives of confederate States, not heated by the local flame? DeB 131 -2-To the impartiality of judges, they would unite the affection of friends. DeB 131 -3-Happy would it be if such a remedy for its infirmities could be enjoyed by all free governments; if a project equally effectual could be established for the universal peace of mankind! Should it be asked, what is to be the redress for an insurrection pervading all the States, and comprising a superiority of the entire force, though not a constitutional right? DeB 131 -4-The answer must be, that such a case, as it would be without the compass of human remedies, so it is fortunately not within the compass of human probability; and that it is a sufficient recommendation of the federal Constitution, that it diminishes the risk of a calamity for which no possible constitution can provide a cure.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=18- XthisXParaX=18-
DeB 131 -1-Among the advantages of a confederate republic enumerated by Montesquieu, an important one is, "that should a popular insurrection happen in one of the States, the others are able to quell it. DeB 131 -2-Should abuses creep into one part, they are reformed by those that remain sound.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=19- XthisXParaX=19-
DeB 131 -1-7. "To consider all debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this Constitution, as being no less valid against the United States, under this Constitution, than under the Confederation." DeB 131 -2-This can only be considered as a declaratory proposition; and may have been inserted, among other reasons, for the satisfaction of the foreign creditors of the United States, who cannot be strangers to the pretended doctrine, that a change in the political form of civil society has the magical effect of dissolving its moral obligations.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=20- XthisXParaX=20-
DeB 131 -1-Among the lesser criticisms which have been exercised on the Constitution, it has been remarked that the validity of engagements ought to have been asserted in favor of the United States, as well as against them; and in the spirit which usually characterizes little critics, the omission has been transformed and magnified into a plot against the national rights. DeB 131 -2-The authors of this discovery may be told, what few others need to be informed of, that as engagements are in their nature reciprocal, an assertion of their validity on one side, necessarily involves a validity on the other side; and that as the article is merely declaratory, the establishment of the principle in one case is sufficient for every case. DeB 131 -3-They may be further told, that every constitution must limit its precautions to dangers that are not altogether imaginary; and that no real danger can exist that the government would DARE, with, or even without, this constitutional declaration before it, to remit the debts justly due to the public, on the pretext here condemned.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=21- XthisXParaX=21-
DeB 131 -1-8. "To provide for amendments to be ratified by three fourths of the States under two exceptions only."

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=22- XthisXParaX=22-
DeB 131 -1-That useful alterations will be suggested by experience, could not but be foreseen. DeB 131 -2-It was requisite, therefore, that a mode for introducing them should be provided. DeB 131 -3-The mode preferred by the convention seems to be stamped with every mark of propriety. DeB 131 -4-It guards equally against that extreme facility, which would render the Constitution too mutable; and that extreme difficulty, which might perpetuate its discovered faults. DeB 131 -5-It, moreover, equally enables the general and the State governments to originate the amendment of errors, as they may be pointed out by the experience on one side, or on the other. DeB 131 -6-The exception in favor of the equality of suffrage in the Senate, was probably meant as a palladium to the residuary sovereignty of the States, implied and secured by that principle of representation in one branch of the legislature; and was probably insisted on by the States particularly attached to that equality. DeB 131 -7-The other exception must have been admitted on the same considerations which produced the privilege defended by it.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=23- XthisXParaX=23-
DeB 131 -1-9. "The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States, ratifying the same."

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=24- XthisXParaX=24-
DeB 131 -1-This article speaks for itself. DeB 131 -2-The express authority of the people alone could give due validity to the Constitution. DeB 131 -3-To have required the unanimous ratification of the thirteen States, would have subjected the essential interests of the whole to the caprice or corruption of a single member. DeB 131 -4-It would have marked a want of foresight in the convention, which our own experience would have rendered inexcusable.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=25- XthisXParaX=25-
DeB 131 -1-Two questions of a very delicate nature present themselves on this occasion: DeB 131 -2-    2    1. On what principle the Confederation, which stands in the solemn form of a compact among the States, can be superseded without the unanimous consent of the parties to it? DeB 131 -3-    2    2. What relation is to subsist between the nine or more States ratifying the Constitution, and the remaining few who do not become parties to it?

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=26- XthisXParaX=26-
DeB 131 -1-The first question is answered at once by recurring to the absolute necessity of the case; to the great principle of self-preservation; to the transcendent law of nature and of nature's God, which declares that the safety and happiness of society are the objects at which all political institutions aim, and to which all such institutions must be sacrificed. DeB 131 -2-PERHAPS, also, an answer may be found without searching beyond the principles of the compact itself. DeB 131 -3-It has been heretofore noted among the defects of the Confederation, that in many of the States it had received no higher sanction than a mere legislative ratification. DeB 131 -4-The principle of reciprocality seems to require that its obligation on the other States should be reduced to the same standard. DeB 131 -5-A compact between independent sovereigns, founded on ordinary acts of legislative authority, can pretend to no higher validity than a league or treaty between the parties. DeB 131 -6-It is an established doctrine on the subject of treaties, that all the articles are mutually conditions of each other; that a breach of any one article is a breach of the whole treaty; and that a breach, committed by either of the parties, absolves the others, and authorizes them, if they please, to pronounce the compact violated and void. DeB 131 -7-Should it unhappily be necessary to appeal to these delicate truths for a justification for dispensing with the consent of particular States to a dissolution of the federal pact, will not the complaining parties find it a difficult task to answer the MULTIPLIED and IMPORTANT infractions with which they may be confronted? DeB 131 -8-The time has been when it was incumbent on us all to veil the ideas which this paragraph exhibits. DeB 131 -9-The scene is now changed, and with it the part which the same motives dictate.

DeB 128 C 18Mod=18- FP2View=43- ParaX=27- XthisXParaX=27-
DeB 131 -1-The second question is not less delicate; and the flattering prospect of its being merely hypothetical forbids an overcurious discussion of it. DeB 131 -2-It is one of those cases which must be left to provide for itself. DeB 131 -3-In general, it may be observed, that although no political relation can subsist between the assenting and dissenting States, yet the moral relations will remain uncancelled. DeB 131 -4-The claims of justice, both on one side and on the other, will be in force, and must be fulfilled; the rights of humanity must in all cases be duly and mutually respected; whilst considerations of a common interest, and, above all, the remembrance of the endearing scenes which are past, and the anticipation of a speedy triumph over the obstacles to reunion, will, it is hoped, not urge in vain MODERATION on one side, and PRUDENCE on the other.

Beginning of Federalist Paper No. 43

Close

NO. 44    Restrictions on the Authority of the Several States
NO. 45    The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered
NO. 46    The Influence of the State and Federal Governments Compared
NO. 47    The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts
NO. 48    These Departments Should Not Be So Far Separated as to Have No Constitutional Control Over Each Other
NO. 49    Method of Guarding Against the Encroachments of Any One Department of Government by Appealing to the People Through a Convention
NO. 50    Periodic Appeals to the People Considered
NO. 51    The Structure of the Government Must Furnish the Proper Checks and Balances Between the Different Departments
NO. 52    The House of Representatives
NO. 53    The Same Subject Continued: The House of Representatives
NO. 54    The Apportionment of Members Among the States
NO. 55    The Total Number of the House of Representatives
NO. 56    The Total Number of the House of Representatives
NO. 57    The Alleged Tendency of the New Plan to Elevate the Few at the Expense of the Many Considered in Connection with Representation
NO. 58    Objection That The Number of Members Will Not Be Augmented as the Progress of Population Demands Considered
NO. 59    Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members
NO. 60    The Same Subject Continued: Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members
NO. 61    The Same Subject Continued (Concerning the Power of Congress to Regulate the Election of Members)
NO. 62    The Senate
NO. 63    The Senate Continued
NO. 64    The Powers of the Senate
NO. 65    The Powers of the Senate Continued
NO. 66    Objections to the Power of the Senate To Set as a Court for Impeachments Further Considered
NO. 67    The Executive Department
NO. 68    The Mode of Electing the President
NO. 69    The Real Character of the Executive
NO. 70    The Executive Department Further Considered
NO. 71    The Duration in Office of the Executive.
NO. 72    The Same Subject Continued, and Re-Eligibility of the Executive Considered
NO. 73    The Provision For The Support of the Executive, and the Veto Power
NO. 74    The Command of the Military and Naval Forces, and the Pardoning Power of the Executive
NO. 75    The Treaty Making Power of the Executive
NO. 76    The Appointing Power of the Executive
NO. 77    The Appointing Power Continued and Other Powers of the Executive Considered
NO. 78    The Judiciary Department
NO. 79    The Judiciary Department Continued
NO. 80    The Powers of the Judiciary
NO. 81    The Judiciary Continued, and the Distribution of the Judicial Authority
NO. 82    The Judiciary Continued
NO. 83    The Judiciary Continued in Relation to Trial by Jury
NO. 84    Certain General and Miscellaneous Objections to the Constitution Considered and Answered.
NO. 85    Concluding Remarks
NO. 449   
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